Showing posts with label 1950s. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 1950s. Show all posts

Tuesday, September 9, 2025

Australian Surf Craft

Aloha and Welcome to this LEGENDARY SURFERS chapter on Australian surfcraft innovations of the 1930s.


Harry McLaren surf ski, circa 1920
Photo courtesy of the Australian National Surfing Museum


Early Australian surf mat riders
Photographer unknown



While Tom Blake's late 1920s invention of the hollow board and his 1935 invention of the surfboard fin can be considered as the dominant technological advances of the 1930s, there were also two others that have shown long-lasting popularity and refinements made to them to present day: the surf ski and the surf mat.



The Surf Ski


The surf ski’s evolution spans several years and innovators. From Harry McLaren’s humble beginnings to G.A. “Saxon” Crackanthrope’s patented design, Jack Toyer’s speed modifications, and Maroubra’s double ski models, the craft rapidly gained stature in Australian lifesaving and competition. By the late 1930s, surf skis had not only become lifesaving essentials but also international ambassadors of Australian innovation.

As early as 1912, Harry McLaren and his brother Jack built a rudimentary version of a sit-on-top “surf ski” near Port Macquarie, propelled while sitting using two small hand paddles. These hollow cedar-board crafts featured flat decks, nose rings (likely for tethering), square rails, and pronounced rocker.

This original design laid the groundwork for later refinements by Dr. G.A. “Saxon” Crackanthrope of the Manly Club, circa 1933-34. Dissatisfaction with his ability to ride a surfboard and the possible influence of surf canoes led to Crakanthorpe’s furthering of the surf ski.

The original design was 8 foot x 28 inches x 6 inches thick with 12 inches of tail lift, solid cedar planks and a double bladed paddle and footstraps.[77]

“It probably evolved out of the use of canoes in the surf at North Bondi,” guessed championship surfer Nat Young. “Because you paddled the ski with an oar, sitting down, it was easier to ride than a board. Originally the skis were 8’ long and 28” wide and made of heavy cedar planking, but this gave way to plywood over a light timber frame. Surf club competition drew the skis out in length and eventually another man was used to gain more speed and make it more of a team sport; this led to the standard two-man double ski, a sort of tandem bike on water. In contrast to the surfboard, the surf ski was quickly adopted by the Surf Life Saving Association as official lifesaving equipment.

“Surfboards, however, were [only] tolerated by officials because so many loyal club members used them, displaying their club badges printed on the decks together with the club’s colours running in pin stripes around the rails. The surf club was a tremendously prestigious institution during this period. Australian girls liked the idea of going out with one of those ‘bronzed gods’ and the surf club ranks swelled to reach 8,454 members in 1935.”

Around 1936, Jack Toyer of Cronulla – co-patent-holder with Dr. Crackanthrope – extended the ski length to approximately 17 feet and narrowed the width (~22 inches) to boost paddling speed, sacrificing some wave-riding ability.

Simultaneously, ‘Mickey’ Morris and ‘Billy’ Langford at Maroubra SLSC created a double ski design (two-person craft), reaching up to 23 feet in length, although early versions were deemed too narrow.

After extensive trials at Maroubra, the surf ski was officially adopted as standard lifesaving equipment in 1937, and was introduced as a competitive rescue event (paddler plus patient) in the Australian Championships.

That same year, one of the earliest manufactured surf skis was produced in Hurstville, NSW. Marketed at affordable prices, with delivery and deposit/payment plans, it signaled the craft’s growing accessibility.

It was on his second trip to Australia, in 1939, that Duke Kahanamoku brought back a surf ski, the first to reach Hawaiian shores. In those days, nobody expected to be impressed by something from Australia, but Hot Curl surfer Wally Froiseth admitted, “Yeah, it impressed us. It was something new, something we’d never seen. It was great. You know, my thinking is... every area has contributed something. I don’t care where they are, these guys have contributed. Nobody can say that they did the whole thing. There’s just no way. Nobody’s got all the brains. Nobody can think of all aces. It’s good.”

After World War II, Surf skis gained official within the Surf Life Saving Associations (SLSA) in 1946 and were thereafter fully featured in lifesaving competitions.
Early models were wooden and wide, similar to surfboards. By the 1960s, innovations included foam cores and glass-fiber construction for lighter, hollow designs. Nowadays, high-performance surf skis often use composite materials – carbon fiber, Kevlar, and lightweight resins – for stiffness and lower weight.

From the 1950s onwards, surf ski design split into two types: skis for rescues – with flared bows for wave handling – and ocean racing skis that were longer, with narrow hulls, swept rocker lines, foot-controlled rudders, and high buoyancy.
In addition to lifesaving, sprint racing and long distance ocean racing, surf skis now include non-competitive uses like masters of endurance training, biathlons, and Ironman events; no longer restricted to surf zones, but are also seen in harbours and lakes.



Surf Ski vs. Kayak


Modern recreational kayaks and surf skis share a family resemblance because they’re both sit-on-top, paddle-powered craft, but they grew from different roots that occasionally intertwined.

As we know, surf skis originated in Australia in the early 1900s as lifesaving craft, evolving into fast, narrow, sit-on-top craft optimized for launching through surf and paddling quickly to a rescue target. Through the mid-to-late 20th century, they developed rudders, long narrow hulls, and very light composite construction. Key features included: speed, self-bailing scuppers and a sit-on-top design.

Traditional kayaks trace back thousands of years to Inuit, Yup’ik, and Aleut peoples in the Arctic – enclosed “cockpit” craft covered in animal skins, designed for hunting and travel in cold seas.

The modern plastic recreational kayak grew from the whitewater and touring kayak boom of the 1960s-1980s.

Sit-inside was the dominant style until the late 1980s.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, companies in the US and Australia began experimenting with plastic sit-on-top kayaks. These designs borrowed directly from surf ski features, namely the open cockpit, molded self-draining scuppers, and general “unsinkable” feel in surf and warm waters.

The idea was to make something more stable and beginner-friendly than a surf ski, but with the same no-capsize-exit advantage. Brands like Ocean Kayak (Hawaii/California) and Malibu Kayaks were explicitly inspired by surf skis.

Today, modern recreational sit-on-top kayaks are essentially a slower, wider, more stable cousin of the surf ski.

The sleek, fast surf ski still dominates racing and surf-zone rescue, but its design DNA – self-bailing deck, sit-on-top ergonomics, open water handling –  is very much alive in recreational kayaks, ridden more for comfort and for cruising.



The Surf Mat


Another form of surf craft invented in Australia in the 1930s was the inflatable “Surf-o-plane.” It was invented by a Sydney doctor in 1933, Dr. Ernest Smithers of Bronte, N.S.W., who worked for eight years to develop it. A prone craft made of an inflated molded rubber, it was an immediate success. Apart from the ease of paddling and wave catching due to its buoyancy, danger to the rider and other bathers was minimal. For this reason they were accepted in general bodysurfing areas, whereas wooden prone boards were limited to designated boardriding zones. [82]

Its portability surpassed all other wave riding craft, save the bodyboard. These rubber mats often appeared in Movietone News reels between 1935-1939 at Sydney beaches and locally popularized by Stan MacDonald, former Chief Beach Inspector at Bondi, who leased them (and coconut-oil spray for suntans) from the mid-1930s onwards.

The mats became a beachside sensation at many beaches, usually hired by the half-hour. They were soon so widespread that “Surf-o-plane,” although a brand name, became a generic term for inflatable surf mats. Today, “Surf Mat” is the more universal term, used internationally, and “Surf-o-plane” has become a nostalgic/historical Australian term.

Not only did they become iconic at Australian beaches – especially Bondi, Manly and Maroubra – and often seen in newsreels and postcards, but by  the late 1940s, U.S. equivalents appeared, sometimes called “air mats” or “surf mats.”

By the 1960s, rented or purchased surf mats had spread to all the major countries, with rubber-coated nylon replacing heavier canvas. Mats became lighter, faster-drying, and slightly easier to carry. Still mostly ridden prone, they were not only popular with the average beach goer, but fun for bodysurfers who wanted greater speed and flotation.

In the 1970s and 1980s, there began a decline in rental mats in favor of mats you could buy. Many surf clubs phased out rental programs due to maintenance costs, while they remained popular with lifeguards and core riders who appreciated their speed.

Meanwhile, materials continued to improve. The introduction of polyester and more advanced rubber coatings made for increased flexibility and performance. Surf mats began to branch into soft-top rafts for casual beachgoers and true mats for wave riding.

In the 1990s, there was somewhat of a “Surf Mat Revival” when, in the U.S., Dale Solomonson, of Neumatic Surfcraft, pioneered custom-made high-performance mats with removable bladders and ultra-flexible deck fabrics. Mats became a niche craft among skilled prone wave riders who valued their unmatched speed and trim in hollow surf.

Today’s surf mats specifically made for wave riders are a far cry from Ernest Smithers’s Surf-o-plane of 1933, now having thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) bladders, ultralight, fast-draining nylon decks, and specialized rocker and rail shapes sewn into the deck. They are usually handmade by expert builders and often faster than bodyboards; prized by those who master their subtle control style.



Footnotes


1  Young, 1983, p. 51.

 2 Young, 1983, p. 60.  Wally Froiseth quoted.

[77] Maxwell, 1949, p. 245; Bloomfield, p. 69; Harris, p. 56. The footstraps addition, at this early stage, is questionable.

[78] Galton, p. 43.

[79] Wells, p. 160.

[80] Thomas, E.J. The Drowning Don’t Die – Fifty Years of Vigilance and Service by the Deewhy Surf Life-Daving Club, 1912-1962, ©1962, p. 31. Published by the Deewhy Surf Life Saving Club. Printed by the Manly Daily Pty Ltd. Hard cover, 54 pages, 33 two-tone photographs, executive officers 1912-1962.

[81] Wells, p. 155.

[82] http://www.surfresearch.com.au/1920_Solid_Wood.html

[83] http://www.surfresearch.com.au/1920_Solid_Wood.html



On a side note, an article entitled “Making Money at the Beach,” published in Popular Mechanics, July 1934, Volume 62 No. 1, pages 115 – 117, gave plans and specifications for making a solid wood “Bellyboard.”[83]





Wednesday, September 3, 2025

Australia 1919-1956

Aloha and Welcome to this chapter in the LEGENDARY SURFERS Collection on surfing in Australia after World War 1, up to the introduction of the Malibu Board in 1956.


Snowy McAlister
Manly, 1922
Photographer unidentified



World War I


During World War I, surfing in New South Wales (the area where Australian surfing got its start and continued) was near nonexistent. All able-bodied men were helping to win the war. 

By war’s end, of the 416,809 Australians who enlisted in the war effort, 61,711 had died as a result. More than 150,000 were wounded or gassed.


Cecil Healy

One Australian to die in “the war to end all wars” was olympic gold medalist Cecil Healy. Although we don’t know if he surfed, Healy was Australia’s greatest swimmer of the 1910s and, after forming a friendship with fellow olympic champion Duke Kahanamoku, was the one to invite Duke to Australia to give surfing demonstrations in 1914 and early 1915.

The story of Healy’s life and pivotal role in Australian surfing was written by Steve Cannane for abc.net.au entitled “Cecil Healy: Australia’s forgotten hero,” 3 October 2017. Quoting parts of the article:

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-03/cecil-healy-australias-forgotten-hero/9010088


“Cecil Healy won gold in the 4x200-metre relay at the Stockholm Olympics [in 1912]. But it was in the individual event that he showed his true character and, indirectly, would have a lasting impact on Australian culture.

Healy's main rival for the 100-metre freestyle was a Hawaiian surfer called Duke Kahanamoku.”

When they held the heats everything was fine. By then Healy knew he wouldn't have won it, because Duke was that much better. Then they went to the semis-finals and the Americans either didn't turn up for the event or were late.

The judges ended-up disqualifying Duke.

Cecil said [paraphrasing], “Look, I don't think that's fair, I think he should be given a chance to race even though he's going to beat me.”

On Healy's insistence, the Australian team lodged a protest on behalf of the Americans.

In the end, Duke was allowed to swim and won the gold and Healy took the silver medal.

After the presentation, Kahanamoku sought out Healy. He came across the podium and lifted up Cecil's arm, [paraphrased] saying “This is the true Olympic champion.”

It was the beginning of a friendship between the two champions that would lead to one of the pivotal moments in Australia's sporting life: In 1914, Healy invited Duke to Sydney to give surfboard riding demonstrations.

The Duke performed a number of surfing exhibitions over the summer of 1914-15, most famously at Freshwater beach in front of hundreds of spectators. Afterwards, Australian surfing kicked into high gear.

Within months of the Duke's landmark visit, ANZAC soldiers were storming the beach at Gallipoli, and Healy enlisted in the army soon after.

He started out as a quartermaster but felt he could contribute more and applied to become an officer. As he was completing his officer training in Britain, he wrote foreboding letters home to his mates, one of which read:

“I am prepared for the worst, and am quite resigned to my fate.

“I cherish the hope that I will be able to sell my life dearly, and earn the respect of the men whom I command.

“If the unexpected happens, and I am spared to return, we must dispose of a drop of the cup that cheers together, old chap.

“Meantime — Yours, Cecil.”

Healy served with distinction, but just 74 days before the end of the war, he was killed in a field near Peronne in France. He was leading his platoon, clearing out German machine gun posts when he was shot in the neck and chest and died from those wounds.



The 1920s


When Duke Kahanamoku left Australia, after giving widely publicised and very popular surfing demonstrations in 1914-1915, he gave his surfboard to an eager boy surfer by the name of Claude West.


Claude West

Born in Sydney, Claude West (1898–1980) was raised at Manly Beach, New South Wales. He began bodysurfing as a kid and then got into stand-up surfing. He was 16 when he first witnessed Duke's waveriding demonstrations at Freshwater in 1914 and these inspired him to go further in the sport.

In 1918, West experimented with hollowing out a solid piece of redwood to create a lighter surfboard. However, the board was compromised when water seeped in through sun cracks, leading to that project’s abandonment.

The Australian Surf Lifesaving Championships had begun in 1915 and were held annually. By 1919, surfing was added as an event and West won it, becoming Australia’s first national championship surfer. He would go on to win the title four more times, straight (1919-1924).

In 1920, West used his board to rescue a swimmer at Manly. The swimmer was the country’s Goveror-General, Sir Ronald Mungo Fergerson, who afterwards presented his rescuer with his silver dress watch, in appreciation.[1]

A newspaper report of the “Australian Championships” at Manly, March 1920, records the results of a surfboard race:


1. A. McKenzie (North Bondi)

2. Oswald Downing (Manly)

3. A. Moxan (North Bondi)[2]


A similar newspaper report of the Bondi Championships, April 1921, records the results of a surfboard race as:


1. A. McKenzie (North Bondi)

2. A. Moxan


Other starters were Oswald Downing  and Claude West (Manly).[3]

By 1921, the Surf Life Saving Association printed their first handbook. It probably formed the basis for subsequent publications later entitled the “Handbook of the Surf Life Saving Association of Australia.”

At the Australian Championships at Manly in 1922, the board event results were:


1. Claude West (Manly)

2. A. McKenzie (North Bondi)

3. Oswald Downing (Manly)


After 1924, despite being only 26, West retired from surfing.[4]  


As the country’ first surf champion and dominant surfer of the early 1920s, West is remembered as one of the foundational figures in Australian surfing history.

Other surfers and surfboard shapers were making an impact on the sport as well.

Oswald Downing was an early board builder and a trainee architect who had drawn up his own surfboard construction plans. These are possibly the plans printed in the 1923 edition of The Australian Surf Life Saving Handbook.[5]

In celebration of Collaroy SLSC's victory in the Alarm Reel Race at the Australian Championships at Manly in 1922, swimmer Ron Harris’ family commissioned Buster Quinn (a cabinet maker with Anthony Hordens) to make a surfboard. Quinn made the board from a single piece of Californian Redwood at the Dingbats’ Camp. Before it was completed, however, Harris’ father died and the family left Collaroy. Chic Proctor acquired the board in Harris’ absence and it remains in the clubhouse to this day as the Club’s Life Members Honour Board.[6]

Harold and Joe Brown, local surfers at Manly and Freshwater, were early adopters of stand-up surfing and built solid wooden boards averaging between 10–12 feet in length. Surfboards remained heavy, solid timber finless planks, inspired in shape by Hawaiian boards.

With growing numbers of surf board riders, the Manly Council considered banning surfboards altogether, in 1923, to protect the safety of bodysurfers. This idea was dropped when one day at the beach, three city councilors witnessed a rescue of three swimmers in high surf by Claude West using his surfboard. Reversing their position, the Council commended the use of surfboards as rescue craft.[7]


Snowy

Charles Justin “Snowy” McAlister was born in 1904 in Broken Hill, New South Wales. His family moved to Manly Beach in 1914, just in time to witness Duke Kahanamoku at Freshwater in 1915.

Inspired by Duke, Snowy (sometimes just shortened to “Snow”) started by surreptitiously riding waves on his mother’s pine ironing board. “I used to wag school and rush down to the beach with it,” he recalled. “I got away with it a number of times, but she eventually found out because I would come home sunburnt.”[8] The pine ironing board was followed by a self-made plywood board and his first full size board, a gift from Oswald Downing.[9] This board is preserved in Australia’s Surf Life Saving Museum.

“I used to go into the timber yards in the city and buy a ten by three foot piece of wood about two feet thick (sic, inches?), which I had delivered to the cargo wharf beside the Manly ferry.

“I’d lug it home, then carve it, varnish it overnight and try it out the next morning.

“We were getting murdered in those days.

“The boards had no fins.

“We’d go straight down the face of the wave instead of riding the corners as the Duke had done. When we saw him do that we thought he was just riding crooked.”[10]

Starting out on an impressive competitive record, Snowy McAlister won board “displays” (an early form of competition) in Sydney in 1923-24 (Manly), 1924-25 (Manly), 1925-26 (North Bondi) and 1926-27 (Manly, second Les Ellinson).

His record at Newcastle was even more outstanding, with wins in 1923-24, 1925-26, 1927-28, 1930-31, 1931-32, 1934-35 and 1935-36.  All these victories were on solid boards.  He competed until 1938 and then made a comeback at the 1956 Olympic Carnival, Torquay.[11]  

Snowy was the nation’s unofficial national surfboard champion from 1924 to 1928.

He visited South Africa and England on the way to the Amsterdam Olympics in 1928, accompanying another Manly Surf Club member Andrew “Boy” Carlton.[12]  While in Cornwall (UK), Snowy gave a sensational outdoor surfing demonstration. Motorists and locals were stunned and the police even escorted him off the beach out of safety concerns! He was known for his showmanship, including handstands on his board, and no doubt this was part of the repertoire this day.

Following the introduction of the Blake hollow board to Australia in 1934, Snowy turned to the hollow framed Australian surfski as his preferred wave riding craft.

In 1962, Snowy co-founded the Australian Surfriders Association, the national governing body for surfing, separate from the nation’s lifesaving organization.

He also helped establish the Australian Surfski Association, actively promoting this paddle-based variant well into his later life.

His efforts in advertising early "surfboard rallies" at Manly set the stage for organized competitive surfing in Australia. Tthese modest gatherings of a dozen or so surfers eventually paved the way for the structured, professional competitions Australia is now known for.

Snowy is often lauded as the "Father of Australian Surfing", a title he earned from decades of shaping the sport across styles, equipment, and competition.

He was inducted into the Australian Surfing Awards Hall of Fame in 1985.

A long-running “Snowy McAlister Winter Longboard Festival” at Manly Beach continues to celebrate his legacy. Organized by the Manly Malibu Boardriders Club, this event, held annually since the late 1980s, draws surfers of all ages and skill levels from across the country and beyond.

His personal ukulele, a hand-crafted Hawaiian instrument, is preserved at the Australian National Surfing Museum, symbolizing the cultural ties between Australian surfing and the Hawaiian Islands.



More 1920s


Another noted surfer of Australian surfing’s formative period was Adrian Curlewis. Around 1923, Curlewis bought a used 70 pound board from Claude West, so he could surf regularly at Palm Beach. This board was replaced by one of similar design in 1926, a board built by Les V. Hind of North Steyne for five pounds and fifteen shillings, including delivery.[13]  Curlewis became a noted surf performer, becoming somewhat of a star, thanks to a photograph printed in an Australian magazine in 1936.[14]

Sir Adrian Curlewis was born in 1901. He graduated from Sydney University and was called to the Bar in 1927. He served in Malaya in World War II and was a prisoner of war from 1942 to 1945. He held the Presidency of the Surf Life Saving Association of Australia from 1933 to 1974, his position as sole Life Governor of that Association from 1974, and his Presidency of the International Council of Surf Life Saving from 1956 to 1973. Curlewis served as a New South Wales District Court Judge from 1948 to 1971, retiring at the age of 70.[15]  Perhaps because of his early board riding experiences and long association with surf lifesaving organizations, he was a noted 1960s opponent of the growth of an independent surf culture centered on wave riding.[16]

At Coolangatta, boardriding continued to expand during the 1920s.  Basic competitions (using a standing take-off) were organized and riders included Clarrie Englert, Bill Davies, “Bluey” Gray and later, Jack Ajax. Bluey Gray, in fact, wrote to Hawaiian and Californian surfers in an attempt to learn more about current developments in the sport. Problems in sourcing suitable redwood saw “Splinter” Chapman, one of the coast’s top riders, use local Bolly gum to build boards.

North of Coolangatta, the first full-sized board was probably owned by John Russell of the Main Beach Club, circa 1925.[17]

Circa 1925, Sydney rider Anslie “Sprint” Walker surfed at Portsea, Victoria.  When he encountered trouble transporting the board between Portsea and home, he solved the problem by leaving his board at the beach, buried in the sand.  The board was eventually donated to the Torquay Surf Live Saving Club, but was later destroyed when the club house burnt down in 1970. Sprint solved this problem, too, by building a replica from Canadian redwood with an adze, the way it had been done originally.[18]

The North Steyne Surf Life Saving Club promoted their 4th annual carnival, scheduled for December 19, 1925, at 2:45 p.m., with a flyer printed by the Manly Daily Press. The noted “Surf and Beach Attractions” included: “1200 Competitors, 18 Leading Surf Life Saving Clubs Participating - Surf Boat Races, Thrills and Spills, Board Exhibitions, All State Surf Swimming Champions Competing.”[19]

The Australian Surf Life Saving Association promoted their annual surf championships, scheduled for February 27, 1926 at 2.30 p.m., with a flyer printed by the Mortons Ltd. Sydney. It emphasized: “Surf Boats, Surf Shooting and Surf Board Displays by Real Champions.”[20]

In the late 1920s, Collaroy SLSC member Bert Chequer manufactured surfboards commercially and 15 shillings cheaper than North Steyne builder Les Hind.[21]  In the early 1920s, Chequer had been captivated by the likes of board riders such as Weary Lee, Chic Proctor and Ron Harris and made his first surfboard at 17 using a design similar to Buster Quinn’s. 

As the years progressed, Chequer refined Quinn’s design, producing a board which was held in high regard by many other board riders in the Club.  Dick Swift requested he build him a board (the board is still in the Club house) and with delivery of the board a flood of similar requests came his way. So, with this development and little work in his father’s building business to keep him busy, Chequer decided to try his hand at commercial surfboard building – one of the earliest such enterprises in the country. The cost of a Chequer board was £5 which included delivery.


Chequer bought his timber from Hudson’s timber merchants where it was kiln dried before delivery. While he preferred cedar, its expense meant that he was forced to use Californian Redwood. The board was crafted from a single piece of wood, meaning that Chequer’s small workshop was usually a sea of wood shavings.[22] 

A board took just two days to build and was totally shaped by hand. Once shaped, the board was coated with Linseed oil, before two coats of Velspar yacht varnish was applied. In his initial experimentation with the varnish on his own board, the yellow finish it gave off prompted the board to be known as the “Yellow Peril.” Boards were usually intricately marked either with a name, the initials of the owner, or with the Club emblem.[23]

Chequer was soon supplying individuals and clubs up and down the New South Wales coast and as far away as Phillip Island in Victoria. While the business was relatively successful, there was a downside for Chequer.  Because he was a surfboard manufacturer, making money out of what was now regarded as a piece of life saving equipment; the Association claimed he was no longer an amateur by their definition. He was therefore prohibited from surf life saving competition between 1932 and 1936.[24]

In the late 1920s, T.A. Brown and A. Williams used a corkwood board from Honolulu at Byron Bay, NSW.[25]

Eric Mallen purchased a cedar slab that was once the counter of the Commercial Bank, and had it shaped into a fourteen foot board by Jack Wilson. Proving to be too unwieldy, the board was later cut down, decorated and named “Leaping Lena.” On large days, Eric Mallen would leap off the end of the large jetty that ran out from Main Street to save paddling.[26]

Before the decade was out, Duke Kahanamoku visited Australia again. Surf Life Saving Clubs (SLSC) continued incorporating surf riding into lifesaving and clubs like Manly, Bondi, and Freshwater became centers for early Australian surf culture.



1930s


On Sunday, April 26, 1931, a belt and reel rescue attempt at Collaroy in extreme weed and swell conditions resulted in the death of Collaroy SLSC member, George “Jordie” Greenwell. Even though the use of the reel was questionable in thick weed and high swell conditions, the inability of Greenwell to release himself from the belt was the main reason for his demise. Despite demands on the SLSA’s Gear Committee, the “Ross safety belt” – designed to ensure the lifesaver from just such an entanglement – did not become compulsory for member clubs until the 1950s. Greenwell was posthumously awarded the Meritorious Award in Silver, the SLSA’s highest honor.[27]

While Greenwell’s drowning resurrected the debate on surf belts, there were two more immediate and positive developments from the drowning.  The first was an intensification of Association trials using waxed line to see if it would “overcome the difficulty of seaweed.” The other was the Association's endorsement of the use of surfboards as life saving equipment. In the Greenwell drowning itself, the surfboard had proved its usefulness in surf with a high seaweed content.

In the 1920s, surfboards had been used by a number of clubs as rescue devices. While the line and reel remained the predominant rescue technique, the surfboard rivaled the surf boat for the number of rescues accorded to it each season. Such use, however, had been against the wishes of the Association and lifesavers like Manly’s Claude West were reprimanded for their use.

During the 1929-30 season, the Collaroy Annual Report recorded rescues performed using surfboards, noting two such. The following season, four surfboard rescues were recorded. The figure was probably much greater, in reality, due to the fact that surfboards were often used to assist tired swimmers before they got into actual difficulties. While confined almost exclusively to surf club use, surfboards were usually only used by members who were not on patrol duty.[28]

The data in club annual reports demonstrated to the Association that most clubs saw surfboards as useful rescue craft. Within the Association, individuals such as Greg Dellit, Adrian Curlewis and Bert Chequer (who had joined the Board of Examiners) began to champion the surfboard. Eventually, interested parties agreed that surfboards should be trialed so their usefulness could be gauged. These trials were held in the swimming pool of the Tattersals Club in Sydney. The trials confirmed the usefulness of surfboards as flotation devices in multiple and lone lifesaver rescues. The fact they mostly went over rather than through sea weed was also noted.[29]

Noted surfers of the decade included George “Buddie” Conlon and Dale Webster. Buddie experimented with homemade longboards and pushed early techniques, including turning and trimming on heavy timber boards. He also helped cultivate early informal surfing competitions at Bondi and Manly.

Dale Webster experimented with board shaping, reducing weight somewhat and even adding a slight rocker to plan shapes.

By the start of World War 2, surfing had spread from New South Wales into Queensland.



1940s


Before World War II – and not counting the little being done in Japan and Great Britain – surfing was practiced basically in three main areas on the planet: the east and west coasts of the U.S.A., the Hawaiian Islands, and the Gold Coast of Australia. By the end of the 1940s, Peru, Brasil and South Africa had made the list.

Surfing had slowly grown along Australia’s “Gold Coast” after Tommy Walker first rode standing up in 1912.1 Australian surfing accelerated following Duke Kahanamoku’s demonstration of stand-up surfing in 1914-15.2

By the early 1950s, Australian surfing had expanded out from New South Wales to Queensland Victoria. Clubs like North Steyne, Freshwater, Maroubra and Coolangatta all hosted informal competitions.

The growth of Australian surfing can be measured in numbers of surfers, yet, surfboard evolution was stunted by the Surf Life Saving Association (SLSA). Paddleboards were favored over more dynamic wave riding vehicles. As writer Kent Pearson pointed out, “board design was biased towards the interests of SLSA requirements and the interests of their members, concerning paddling speed rather than wave-riding performance.”3

“Board paddling in Australia became a form of athletic competition,” wrote Pearson in Surfing Subcultures of Australia and New Zealand, “which was in direct contrast to the more expressive and playful activity of wave riding itself. Thus, board design and development was in complete accord with the central aims and official SLSA ideology. Stressing, as it did, the benefits of competition for rescue work, the official position also seemed to parallel general societal values on achievement and performance.”4

World War II changed things somewhat.

“World War II had several major repercussions on surf life saving,” Pearson noted. “At an international level, Australians posted overseas introduced local life saving methods to other countries. At home, club memberships were depleted by both voluntary drafting for overseas service and home conscription. Sydney beaches were barb wired and manned by troops. As a consequence, surf life saving activities declined.”5

When the war ended, a major shift in surfing began to occur. “There was a big change in the manner of the members after the War,” wrote Australian surfing great Snowy” McAlister of Aussie surf life saving members. “They were restless and hard to control, despite the years of army training... It was something the clubs never recovered from, cars were becoming available and in 1948 petrol rationing was lifted (during the war we had been limited to four gallons a month) giving a new freedom to youth. Suddenly the youth were able to get mobile and were no longer anchored to the club.”6



Early 1950s


In addition to the mass release and new freedom of movement after World War II, there were technological advances and greater consumer affluence that helped characterize the post-war period in Australia.7

“Pre-war board riding had generally been restricted to surf life saving club members,” wrote Pearson, “who based their activities at a particular beach. There were practical reasons for this...”8

“Boards were kept at club houses for the good reason of weight,” Snowy noted. “They were secured upright on club verandas and fixed with a hasp and staple fitting with lock attached to the wall, both for reasons of safety and because this was a good position to let the water drain down to the bottom of the board – redwood soaked up water like a sponge.”9

The upright position was also beneficial for hollow boards – all of which had plugs at the end so that they could drain. Hollow paddle boards had become popular in Australia, due to the emphasis on rescue and paddling rather than freestyle surfing. Invented by Tom Blake in the late 1920s, hollow boards – particularly of the pointed nose and tail paddleboard variety – grew in popularity through the 1930s and ‘40s. “By the 1950s,” Pearson noted, “the hollow boards had become very popular in Australia but were difficult to ride on waves.”10

“The style of riding,” continued Pearson, “dictated by these boards was basically straight line surfing and turns were awkward and slow. Good surfing was seen as taking a wave standing, and travelling in control of the board in the same direction as the wave... In spite of the difficulty of using these boards for wave riding, they were being used more and more for just this purpose before the introduction [in Australia] of the wave-riding Malibu Board.”11

“The sport evolved slowly,” wrote surf writer Matt Warshaw, “and remained closely allied to the Surf Lifesaving Clubs, until a group of visiting American surfers introduced the lightweight balsa Malibu boards to Sydney and Victoria wave-riders in 1956. Sydney’s Gordon Woods also opened Australia’s first surf shop that year, in Bondi Beach.”12

Standout Australian surfers of the years just prior to 1956 include Peter “Paddy” Moran (from Bondi) who helped refine hollow boards; Max Cole (from Maroubra) who promoted informal competitions and beach surf culture; David “Dobby” Dobson who experimented with imported balsa boards and, later in the decade, early fiberglass prototypes; and John Kinsman, who was influential in surf lifesaving clubs and youth surfing education. He advocated for Australian surfing to be internationally recognized.


ENDIT



Footnotes


1  See Gault-Williams, “Duke Not The First in Oz” and “Australian Surfing, 1912” both out-of-print but whose content is included here.

2  Gault-Williams, LEGENDARY SURFERS Volume 1. Chapter on Duke.

3  Pearson, 1979, p. 56.

4  Pearson, 1979, p. 56.

5  Pearson, 1979, p. 56.

6  McAlister, 1975. Quoted in Pearson, 1979, p. 57.

7  Pearson, 1979, p. 57.

8  Pearson, 1979, p. 57.

9  McAlister, 1975. Quoted in Pearson, 1979, p. 57.

10  Pearson, 1979, p. 57.

11  Pearson, 1979, p. 57. See also Gault-Williams, “1956.”

12  Warshaw, Matt. Encyclopedia of Surfing, @2003, p. 27.

[1] Wells, page 152.

[2] Galton, Barry.  Gladiators of the Surf: The Australian Surf Life Saving Championships – A History, ©1984, page 29.  Published by AH & AW Read Pty Ltd., 2 Aquatic Drive, Frenchs Forest NSW 2086.  Soft cover, 122 black and white photographs, Australian Championships Results, Index.  Geoff Carter wrote: “A detailed work true to its subtitle, mostly concentrating on contest results, with some background information where appropriate.  Surfboats feature throughout the book, with occasional surfskis and boards.  Photographic highlights include: old and modern surfski (‘Snow’ McAllister and Michael Pietre), page 8; Australian S.L.S.A. team at Outrigger Canoe Club, Honolulu, 1939, p. 64; Hollow boards at North Bondi, 1947, page 74; Duke Kahanamoku at Torquay, 1956, page 108; US-Hawaiian team members (with paddleboards), Torquay, 1956, page 112 (incorrectly captioned ‘first of the malibus’).”

[3] Galton, 1984, page 29.

[4] http://www.surfresearch.com.au/1920_Solid_Wood.html

[5] http://www.surfresearch.com.au/1920_Solid_Wood.html

[6] Brawley, (1995), page 48.

[7] Harris, pages 55-56.

[8] Wells, p. 159.  Snowy McAlister quoted.

[9] Galton, p. 35.

[10] Wells, p. 159.  Snowy McAlister quoted.

[11] Galton, p. 35.

[12] Wells, pp. 159-160.  England AND South Africa?

[13] Brawley, 1996, p. 55, Reference: L. V. Hind to A.Curlewis, Curlewis Papers, SLSA Archives.

[14] Maxwell, 1949, p. 239.

[15] http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/sc%5Csc.nsf/pages/Bergin_261103

[16] http://www.surfresearch.com.au/1920_Solid_Wood.html

[17] Harvey, p. 8.

[18] Wells, p. 153.  See also Snow McAlister, Wells pages 159-160 and Sprint Walker, “Solid Wood Boards and Victorian Surfing,” Tracks Magazine circa 1972.  Reprinted circa 1973 in The Best of Tracks, page 191.

[19] http://www.surfresearch.com.au/1920_Solid_Wood.html

[20] http://www.surfresearch.com.au/1920_Solid_Wood.html

[21] http://www.surfresearch.com.au/1920_Solid_Wood.html

[22] http://www.surfresearch.com.au/1920_Solid_Wood.html

[23] http://www.surfresearch.com.au/1920_Solid_Wood.html

[24] Brawley, 1995, pp. 95-96.

[25] http://www.surfresearch.com.au/1920_Solid_Wood.html

[26] Harvey, p. 8.

[27] Brawley, 1995, p. 91-95.

[28] http://www.surfresearch.com.au/1920_Solid_Wood.html

[29] http://www.surfresearch.com.au/1920_Solid_Wood.html - #22 : SMH, 21 September 1931.


Sunday, May 23, 2021

Dewey Weber (1938-1993)

Aloha and Welcome to the LEGENDARY SURFERS chapter on Dewey Weber, put together by Malcolm Gault-Williams in the late 1990s.



Dewey Weber - Photo by Leroy Grannis


Appreciations go out to Jeff Duclos whose excellent and insightful biographical sketch of Dewey, published in Longboard, Volume 4, Number 4, September/October 1996, is quoted throughout. Jeff’s article on Dewey was particularly brave, as he included the uncomfortable subjects of Dewey’s takeover of the Velzy Shop and his later alcoholism. 



Contents:

 

Manahattan Beach Surf Club, 1943-1948

First Board

South Bay Surf Clubs

Early Surf, circa 1953

High School Rule, 1954-56

Hawaii, 1956-58

The Velzy/Weber Fallout, 1960

Weber Surfboards

Stories

The Weber Performer

East Coast Barnstormers, mid-'60s

Downturn, late 1960s

Gone Fishing, 1970s

The Bottle

 

 

              Dewey Weber was born David Earl Weber on August 18, 1938 in Denver, Colorado. He went on to become one of the greats in surfing in the 1950s and a great in the surfboard manufacturing world in the 1960s. His stardom, however, began at an early age. When Dewey was 8 years-old, his mother took him to an audition where he won a part as "Buster Brown," the fantasy boy who lived in a shoe with his dog Tide. Dewey did in-store promotions as Buster Brown and by the age of 14 was a three-time National Duncan Yo-Yo Champion, appearing on the national television show "You Bet Your Life," hosted by Groucho Marx. In high school, he was a three-time CIF westling champion and an All-State performer at El Camino College.1

              The only child of a German working class family, Dewey was exposed to water at an early age through his babysitter. His father, Earl, was a truck driver and his mother, Gladys, worked at Denver's Nabisco cracker factory. At age 3, he had a babysitter who was also a lifeguard at a nearby municipal pool.2

              "My early memories," Dewey recalled once, "are of being at the pool almost all of the summer. By the time I was four, I could swim twice the length of the pool underwater. It came very natural to me for some reason."3 Whether it helped or not, Dewey had two webbed toes on each foot, a family trait passed on to every other generation on his mother's side.4

 

 

Manahattan Beach Surf Club, 1943-1948

 

              The Webers relocated to Manhattan Beach during the war, in 1943.5 Dewey immediately adapted to the new surroundings:

              "I spent my summers playing in the surf in the morning. The neighbor ladies had this little clique and every day they'd go down and fish off the pier. So, in the afternoon, I'd fish off the pier with my mom."6

              It was while he was up top, on the pier, that he began to notice what was going on in the surf off the beach. In 1946, surfers at Manhattan Beach amounted to the Manhattan Beach Surf Club whose members included Bev Morgan, Dale Velzy, Bob Hogan, George Kapu, Larry Felker, Jack Wise and Barney Biggs. The Father of the Modern Surfboard, Bob Simmons would occasionally drive down from Santa Monica to surf the pier and play ping pong with some of the guys. "I'd sit with my feet hanging over the end of the pier and watch them for hours," Dewey told one biographer.7

              Watching from above, Dewey watched Velzy, Hogan and the rest of the surf club work with drawknives on redwood and redwood/balsa boards underneath the pier. "The reason they were a formal club," Dewey recalled, "was so they could get the city to give them permission to build a clubhouse under the pier's bathhouse, among the pilings." They pulled it off and, at one point, the knotty pine clubhouse was about 40 feet long and 15 feet wide. It had a main room and a smaller room where the board lockers and shower were located.8

              Dewey was first noticed by Barney Biggs in the Summer of 1947. Dewey was nine and still up on the pier. Biggs called him down and asked him if he wanted to surf. "I'll never forget it," Dewey later recalled. "He gave me this old board. The thing was about 11 feet long and weighed about 110 pounds. It had a deep vee, hot curl-style tail and was made of solid pine and redwood."9

              Getting the board to the water was an accomplishment, itself, for a 9 year-old. Paddling out through the white water was even worse. "I thought," Dewey remembered, "'I'm never going to do this.' And I almost never did. It took me two years before I ever rode a wave."10

 

 

First Board

 

              Thanks to the ground breaking efforts of Bob Simmons and then Joe Quigg in lightening surfboard weight, the balsa board era started to kick in at the very beginning of the 1950s. It was at this point that Dewey's dad realized his son was serious about surfing and agreed to loan him the money to get a board of his own. Dewey bought a used board from Bev Morgan for $35. It was a board Morgan, himself, had built, patterned after a Simmons prototype of the day. It had a big, round spoon nose to release water and discourage pearling. The tail was wide and concave, with two small skegs on each side. At 8 feet long, "Bev didn't like it," Dewey said, "because it was too short."11

              "The first day I surfed Malibu I was 11 years old," recalled Dewey Weber to Dewey Shurman. "Billy Ming, a very historical guy in surfing who has gotten very little publicity, loaded me up in his '34 Ford pickup and took me to Malibu. We surfed, and then he got me a poor boy sandwich and said, 'You call this a poor boy.' And he handed me a bottle of Coors and said, 'That's a surfer's beer, and you may have half that beer.' And, Christ, that really lit my life on fire."12

 

  

South Bay Surf Clubs

 

              "We had a really good group of surfers back then in the South Bay," Dewey said with some pride. "We were the gremmies and we eventually started our own clubs to get away from all the old men, because they used to terrorize us. A lot of those older guys were really radical. It got to the point that they were beating up Greg Noll every day. He was just a skinny kid then."13

              Bing Copeland, who was another gremmie who would go on to make a name for himself as a surfboard manufacturer, remembers their treatment somewhat differently. "They pushed us around a lot," Bing conceded, "but they didn't beat us up."14

              Greg Noll, another gremmie, also does not mention any beatings. In his case, particularly, it was sometimes the case of "the mascot terrorizing the master."15 Bing went on to tell about Noll coming to the beach with a little electric motor that made an annoying noise. As bait boy at the pier, Greg would arrive around daybreak to find some of the members of the Manhattan Beach Surf Club sprawled on the beach, passed out from partying the night before. Noll would sneak up on them and hold the buzzing motor close to their ears.

              "They'd chase him around," Bing went on, "rub his head in the sand, that kind of stuff. But they were radical. They were the first to grow long hair and not wear shoes..."16

              Unlike groups like the Palos Verdes Surf Club, the Manhattan Beach crew had no club jacket. Instead, they had the leather thong.

              "The guys that belonged to it," Dewey said of the Manhattan Beach Surf Club, "wore a leather thong around their left ankle, tied with a square knot. Anybody caught wearing a leather band around their ankle who was not in the club, got it. And I mean got it. This one kid had tried to join the club, but they wouldn't let him in. They caught him wearing a thong on his ankle. They stripped him down naked and tied him to a stop sign on a Sunday afternoon."17

              By the time Dale Velzy opened his surfboard shop on Ocean Avenue and Manhattan Beach Boulevard in 1953, a number of younger South Bay clubs had formed. Two of them were:

 

 

• 17th Street Gang -- the "Hermosa Beach Seals" included Sonny Vardeman, Mike Bright, Steve Voorhees, Chip Post, Jeff White and Jim Lindsay [Greg Noll and Bing Copeland had made it into the Manhattan Beach Surf Club].18

 

• 1st Street Gang -- included Dewey, Bibby Gibson, Richard Deese, Barry and Gary Stever, Wayne Coker, Roy Bream and Lum Edwards.19

 

 

              Little remains of South Bay's Hotdog Years. A parking lot now sits where LuLu's White Stop Cafe once stood. Located a half-block down from the Velzy shop, Dale and others used to hang out there, eat bear claws, drink coffee, talk surf. Across the street was Oscar's Fish & Tackle Shop, leveled years ago to make way for another parking lot. Long gone are the old Manhattan Beach pier, bathhouse and the surfer's clubhouse. "The only thing that's there," Bing said in an interview in 1982, "is the fire hydrant that sits in front of where Velzy's shop was. I remember sitting out there and tapping out a ring from a silver dollar. I still have it."20

 

 

Early Surf, circa 1953

 

              Dale Velzy, a fine surfer in his own right, had both an eye for talent and a flair for salesmanship. The first board shaper to both advertise and sponsor surfers by providing them surfboards, Velzy noticed Dewey Weber and brought him into the fold early on. His first board for Dewey was a candy-apple red board to match the surf trunks Dewey's mother had made for him. While red would go on to become Dewey's trademark color, the Velzy board took his surfing to a higher level.21

              Around the age of 15, Weber benefitted by the mobility of some of the older surfers around him. Dewey's earliest memory of a riding the nose was on a trip to Palos Verdes Cove with Billy Ming.

              "It was a really good surf day -- about six or seven feet," Dewey remembered. "The offshore wind was blowing hard and the waves were difficult to catch. When you'd paddle in and get to your feet, you had to be way up forward to drop in. I'd get up on the nose to drop in and make the thing get going. It was super exciting to me, because it was a whole new thing -- to see how long you could stay there without pearling."22

              With Ming in his canary yellow Model-T truck, Dewey branched out to surf spots like San Onofre, Trestles and Malibu. In the process, other surfers noticed him. While his contemporaries included Mickey Dora (4 years his senior), Dewey remembered mostly the talk about Phil Edwards (one year his junior), down in Oceanside.23

              "We were aware of each other," he said in an interview in 1982. "People kept telling me to watch out for this guy down south. 'He wears Levi's and ties them with a rope around his waist,' they'd say. 'They call him the Guayule Kid after this place he surfs in Carlsbad.' And they'd tell him to watch out for this guy Dewey. 'He's this real short guy with blond hair and he's real husky.'"24

              Both Dewey Weber and Phil Edwards met one day, at Trestles, while Weber was on another surf surfari with Ming. There was what Dewey referred to as a crowd, that day -- four or five guys out. One of them was Edwards and Dewey remembers they spent the day trying to top each other in moves. Edwards, interviewed in 1982, didn't recall the session.25

 

 

High School Rule, 1954-56

 

              In 1954, when Dewey was a sophomore in high school, he got his first car -- a 1940 Ford sedan.26 Mobility at his own command broadened his surfing canvas:

              "I used to ditch school and run off to Malibu in May and June," Dewey remebered. "There'd be perfect six-foot swells and beautiful weather. I'd have to roust Tubesteak out of his shack so I'd have someone to surf with."27

              "Everybody from up and down the coast would come there: the legends. The kahunas. The heroes," remembered Tubesteak, who became one of Dewey's lifelong friends. "They'd get out of their cars, step to the curb, and walk down to the beach. But they'd have their noses up in the air. Like, 'Here I am, the boy wonder from Swami's.' 'Here I am, the boy wonder from Trestles.'" Not so with Dewey. "He would always stop and talk with us -- if only to find out what the latest rumors were. He took the time."28

              In his high school years, Dewey ruled the roost at Mira Costa High. "We had a group at school that was mostly surfers and we ran the place," Dewey recalled. "The other group was the lowriders. Both groups were very close. They rode their motorcycles and hopped up their cars and we surfed. We came together against all the football players. It worked out great."29

              Like the lowriders, the Mira Costa High surfers had their own dress code: white J.C. Penney t-shirts, v-neck sweaters, white belts and black corduroy pants, angora socks and black and white buck shoes. Remember, this was the mid '50s.30

              Unlike many surfers, Dewey went in for a number of extra-curricular school activities including wrestling and springboard diving. Freshman year, he had even tried his hand at quarterbacking. "I was really good at it," Dewey said of his handling of the football. "I just couldn't see over the line." At 5 feet, 3 inches tall and 130 pounds, Dewey did better with wrestling and received a varsity letter in the sport his freshman year. "It was classic," he described. "I had this letterman sweater down to my knees and a varsity letter, while a lot of these big football players had taken four years to letter. I took a lot of heat over that one."31

 

 

Hawaii, 1956-58

 

              Dewey Weber graduated from Mira Costa High in 1956. That summer, he started wowing people onshore with his showmanship. He was riding a Velzy 7'4" at the time.32 Dewey's main focus, though, was getting to Hawai`i. He worked as a lifeguard at Hermosa's old Biltmore Hotel, saving his money for his first trip to the Islands.33 "Mike Bright had come back and told us about this place called Makaha," Dewey recalled. "So, we went. There were 14 of us living in a two-room Quonset hut at the south end of the bay near Klausmeyers. Boy, I tell ya, that was a blast. We had one car for 14 guys and one ice box -- with little sections taped off inside for each guy. Buzzy Trent and Buffalo Keaulana took me under their wing, adopted me, more or less, and taught me how to spear fish and how to free dive. I'd dive every day, bring in a stringer of fish and trade those guys fish for eggs, butterscotch pudding, my share of the gasoline, my share of the rent." With Dewey that year were Gibby Gibson, Richard Deese, Gene Sedillo, Buddy Dobbs, Lum Edwards, Steve Smith and Bummy Kennedy.34

              "For Hawaii," Dewey told an interviewer, "I brought a really hot, light-weight, single bottom, double deck-glassed balsa wood board. It weighed about 20 pounds. It was real wide and had a big, deep fin. It was one of the best boards I ever owned. The thing just ripped and Makaha was the perfect wave for it."35

              But Weber's "flashy botdogging"36 style was the direct opposite of the style then ruling at Makaha. "You were supposed to stand erect and as still as possible," Dewey recalled. "It was considered dynamic." Dewey described how he would maneuver around Makaha surfers like they were slalom gates -- dropping deep in the trough in front of them, cutting behind them and kicking out over the top.37 He later summarized his approach in an interview with an East Coast journalist by saying: "It's a great thrill to toy with nature. To do things out on the waves you know you shouldn't do."38

              Predictably, Dewey Weber ruffled the feathers of more than one Hawaiian local. If it hadn't been for the protection of Buffalo Keaulana and Buzzy Trent, he would have been pounded on more than once.39

              But, Dewey's surfing style was being noticed in favorable ways, too. "People stood on the beach and pointed," he recalled. "You could see them pointing at you."40

              Dewey's first visit to the Islands is somewhat chronicled in Bud Browne's 1957 release, The Big Surf. From the film, a classic shot of Dewey surfing Makaha later became the symbol of the United States Surfing Association (USSA).41

              Next year, around the time Greg Noll, Mike Stange, Mickey Muñoz, Bing Copeland, Pat Curren, Del Cannon, Bob Bermell and Fred van Dyke broke open Waimea, on November 7, 1957, Dewey began branching over to the North Shore, also. "I remember pulling up to Laniakea. You'd look out there and see these nice little curving lines and it looked great. Everything was so clear and colorful and bright, you'd lose your judgement as far as distance was concerned. You didn't see until you started to get out there that it was a solid 20-foot plus. We did the best we could with the equipment we had. When we got home, we started building guns."42

              One memorable day in 1958, "The North Shore was blown out," Dewey recalled. "But then it cleaned up a bit so I went out at Sunset myself. It was 20-foot. I was doing head dips in 20-foot waves, climbing and dropping, cutting back and stuff. By this time, I'd designed a board on which I could do -- on a big wave -- darn near everything I could do on a small wave. I got out, after nearly drowning, and we drove over to Makaha and I paddled out. It was a solid 20-feet. Everyone knew I could rip small waves, but that winter proved that I could rip big waves. Gordie's got some film of me coming into where the bowl peels over -- two-thirds of the way to the bottom -- then driving up through the top and kicking out; going left into the curl on a 20-foot wave and turning right. For me, it's something I'll always remember."43

              For Dewey, this was the highlight of his life as a performance surfer in big waves. "(Then) I went into business and it pretty much ended that whole thing," he concluded.44

 

 

The Velzy/Weber Fallout, 1960

 

              When Dewey was 22 and returned to the Mainland, in 1960, he lifeguarded for a little bit and can be distinctly remembered as perched up on tower wearing a Mexican sombrero, surrounded by kids. His 15-minute breaks would stretch into an hour as he demonstrated for the gremmies the finer points of his surfing style.45

              He also went back to work for Velzy. By this time -- with surf shops in Venice, San Clemente and San Diego -- Dale Velzy was known as "the world's largest manufactuer" of surfboards.46 His former partner, Hap Jacobs, had left to start shaping and manufacturing on his own. It was a time of revolutionary change in the surfboard manufacturing world. Polyurethane foam had finally been developed to the point where it was the preferred material over the rarer-to-score balsa.47

              During Olympic wrestling trials, Dewey dislocated his elbow and, subsequently, he lost his interest in that sport.48 Meanwhile, things were taking a turn for the worse at the Velzy shop:

              "I'd hired a bookkeeper and paid her real good," Velzy began the story. "I told her you take care of the business end and I'll take care of making them and selling them. I had five shops and two factories going and I was selling 150 to 200 boards per week. The recession hit in 1959, and between buying out Hap and my divorce settlement, things were tight. People were telling me to cut back and I said fuck that, when it gets critical is the time to go forward. I was selling boards for $85 that cost me $75 in materials and overhead to make. I thought that I needed to sell more boards and that volume was the key to success. Then I started the 11/10 plan with Dial Finance. This was before plastic, and the idea of buying a board for eleven dollars down and ten dollars a month was beginning to take off. My creditors were all okay and things looked good until the fucking State came down on me for sales tax. Then the Feds hammered me which scared all of the creditors and that was it. They sold everything at auction including other people's consignment boards and repairs. Man the government didn't give a shit about anybody. Hell, I'd been paying 'em all along, but when the State started pressuring me it triggered a chain of events that couldn't be stopped."49

              "I came to work at the San Clemente shop one morning," recalled surfing stylist Henry Ford, "and it was padlocked shut. A legal notice was attached to the door and we were stunned, no one had a clue what was going on. The Hawk drove up in his Mercedes and says, 'Hey Fordy, what's the deal.' When I read to Dale, 'By the judges order, closed for non-payment of taxes' part on the notice, he was totally surprised. All Velzy could say was 'What taxes?' The guy was a real surfer. No one was a businessman back then. Things like business plans might as well have been from Mars. Our lives were about how much fun you could have. None of us were keeping score. You can imagine how much success the Hawk had in trying to explain that to the tax court."50

              "Dale had a bunch of higher paid people that weren't really pulling their weight and were sucking money out of the company," added Mickey Muñoz. "The bookkeeper would tell him that each board he sold was costing him money. Velzy would reach into his pocket and pull out a wad of hundred dollar bills because he'd have just sold six boards on a Saturday morning at the shop. He was smoking dollar Havana cigars, wearing diamonds and driving a Gullwing Mercedes. The Hawk would tell her, 'What do you mean? I've got plenty of money right here.'

              "Our business meetings were held at Joe Kiawes Restaurant in San Pedro. It was a very famous gathering spot for displaced Hawaiians, dock workers and other rough-tough guys who'd eat poi and pu-pus. We'd start out in Dale's personal Gullwing Mercedes and end up at Joe's having wonderful business meetings. Things were wide open and loose. We'd party a lot. Nobody was really in the system. When the IRS came down on Velzy, he was the biggest surfboard builder in the world. He went down big time."51

              "We knew Velzy had to be rich," Mike Doyle related in his book Morning Glass, "because he drove a Gullwing Mercedes and wore a big diamond ring. Anybody as slick as the Hawk had to be rich. One day late in the summer, some guys in three-piece suits showed up at his San Clemente shop. Henry Ford told me they were from the IRS. At the time I didn't even know what that meant, but I knew the padlock they placed on the shop door was big trouble."52

              This is where Dewey Weber came into the picture. "I didn't especially want to lifeguard," he explained. "I wanted to go to the Islands, so I built a couple of boards for myself. Some friends came by and asked me to build them boards. After I'd built about 15 in my dad's garage, he was having a fit."53

              Dewey convinced his father to loan him the $1,500 to lease the Velzy shop in Venice. "My whole plan was to build surfboards in the summertime, go to Hawaii until January, then to Mammoth and ski until May, then build surfboards all summer -- like I'd been doing for four years. But it didn't work out that way. I opened the door and boom! I had 30 orders."54

              Caught with the short end of the stick and not only the building going to Weber, but his blanks and tools, as well, Velzy has a different perspective than Weber. "There was a point when my business problems could have been cleared up," Velzy said, "and I still thought I could work it out. I planned to go back to my Venice shop and rebuild. I still had loads of orders and I knew it was only a matter of time till the economy would right itself. But then I got a call from my landlord. He thanked me for my ten years of business and told me he was sorry that I was out of business. I said, 'Hold on here, what are you talking about?' He told me that my employee had taken a lease out on my shop. Things at Venice had been strange for a while. I'd sent my sister there to watch over the place, but the numbers never added up right. Between some used boards being sold on the side and a few new boards which were being built off of my books and sold by the same couple of factory guys, I already knew Venice was out of balance. So I went up there to talk. I always liked the guy [Weber] and he was a great surfer. I was paying him $200 a week to manage the shop which was a lot of money at the time. I asked him to level with me and all I got was double talk. I ended up holding the chicken shit up to the ceiling by his neck and telling him, 'Look you little bastard, you didn't have to lie, if you'd been straight with me I could have made you a partner.' He was crying and lying as the other guys there broke it up. Shit, it's not what he did, but how he did it. I never spoke to him again, he didn't have the guts to apologize."55

              "When Dale fired the guy [Weber] he was in tears," said Donald Takayama, "crying on the outside, but laughing on the inside -- he had a garage full of Velzy's blanks."56

              Controversy continues to this day concerning this dark moment in surfing history. "There are lots of stories," said Tak Kawahara about how Dewey ended-up with Velzy's shop at 4821 Pacific Avenue, along with his tools and blanks. "It depends on who you talk to." Kawahara later joined Dewey as a shaper.57

              A good number of the surfers who were around at the time still refuse to go on record about the whole deal. Those that speak about it usually leave Dewey's name out of it, although they point to him as the culprit. While some say Dewey stole materials from Velzy to start his business, others say Velzy owed Dewey a large sum in commissions and Dewey took the blanks as payment.58

              "They were both very aggressive businessmen," summed-up Sonny Vardeman. "Let's just say they both went their separate ways."59

              "Dewey would never discuss it," his former wife Caroline said. "Dewey never had a bad word to say about Dale, other than he couldn't handle his money. He died without saying anything about the situation, and it's really a shame they couldn't reconcile before Dewey's death."60

              Dale Velzy never spoke to Weber again. And even after Weber's death, Velzy spoke bitterly about the start-up of Weber Surfboards. "I treated him like a son," Velzy told Jeff Duclos. "I made him boards. Made him manager of my shop. I gave him the world. Then, the next thing you know, he's stabbing me in the back."61

 

 

Weber Surfboards

 

              As polyurethane foam and fiberglass made surfing more accessible to larger numbers of beach and ocean lovers, Dewey Weber found himself at the right place at the right time. Surfing had gained such a popularity that, at the start of the 1960s, Hollywood was promoting it -- albiet in its own way.

              Having studied under Velzy, Dewey knew the value of promotion. "When I started surfing in San Diego in 1960," recalled Jeff Duclos, "all of the guys rode boards by Gordon & Smith, except for one. He rode a pintail Weber pig board, which he'd bought out of the back of a panel truck parked on the bluff overlooking Crystal Pier, a short block from the G&S shop. We all envied him."62

              The van and its placement were no accident or chance occurance. Mike Hynson and Skip Frye periodically drove up to Dewey's place to party and shape a few boards. The boards were then loaded into a turquoise panel truck. Mike, Skip and Dewey and Caroline Weber would then head back down to San Diego to surf and sell their boards.63

              As time went on, business just got bigger. With large numbers of American kids wanting to surf, surfboard manufacturers found themselves having difficulty keeping up. It took an average of 6-to-8 weeks to deliver a finished board. While a lot of other shop owners were reluctant to make the necessary investments to increase production to meet demand, Dewey was not. After he brought Harold Iggy in to handle the shaping side of the business, he went on to hire others for production and sales in order to expand the business.

              "Dewey was an aggressive businessman," repeated Sonny Vardeman, an early dealer for Weber Surfboards. "That was his surfing style, and that's the way he ran his business. He wouldn't just think about something, he'd do it. He was very energetic, but he wasn't hyper. He had his energy directed. He did things with flair, but he had an objective."64

              He bought special milling and profile machines developed by Harold Walker to streamline the manufacturing end. "By the time we got a blank," Tak Kawahara recalled, "it was milled and cut to shape, with the sides squared off. We'd [just] finish it and turn the rails."65

              "Dewey didn't come up with the idea of milling blanks," Kawahara clarified. "But he applied it and he advertised it. He had foresight. Surfboards were considered a piece of fine craftsmanship. Like fine furniture. Mention machinery and it wasn't considered soulful. It was like Bob Dylan walking on stage with an electric guitar [for the first time]. You've got to give him credit for thinking of the repercussions and using advertising to make it a positive."66

              "He was a go-getter. He got the market going," agreed Harold Walker, one of the first to have experimented with polyurethane foam before it became popular. "I had this van and every morning at 6 a.m. we loaded it up and off it went to Dewey's -- 60 blanks. We were running 24 hours a day then, with 25 to 30 guys working."67

              Taking pages from the Velzy book, Dewey set himself up with Dial Finance to sell boards on credit. By the end of 1962, over 25,000 surfboards were sold in the United States. A good portion of them were Surfboards By Dewey Weber.68 Following another Velzy-invented practice, Dewey began recruiting riders for his surfboard line. Standouts included Donald Takayama, who also shaped for him for a time; David Nuuhiwa; Ricky Young; Jackie Baxter; Joey Hamasaki; Rell Sunn; JoJo Perrin; Bob Purvey; Randy Rarick; Gary Propper; Mike Tabeling and Nat Young.69

 

 

Stories

 

              Many stories are told about Dewey Weber. In a foreshadowing of continued excessive alcohol use throughout his life, there is the image of Dewey greeting Gibby Gibson upon Gibby's return from the army in the early 1960s: "Let's go get a pitcher!" were his first words to his friend.70

              Then there is the story told by Linda Benson of the time she and Dewey were surfing Trestles in 1961. It's her favorite memory of Dewey. The waves were six feet and perfect. Dewey wore his trademark red trunks, riding a red board and ripping. The Marines were on the beach firing their guns in the air to clear the break. Dewey and Linda stayed out long enough to catch a few more classic waves on a classic day, then were escorted off government property by the Marines equipped with a tank.71

 

 

The Weber Performer

 

              Dewey got so successful at advertising his product that, at one point, his advertisements were almost as eagerly awaited as his latest board design. During the early days of the Weber Performer model, 15-year-old Bill Handler saw one of Dewey's early ads and thought it was terrible. He had his mother drive him to the shop and then went about telling Dewey that he could do much better. Dewey's response was: "Let's see what you can do," recalled Handler. "He liked what he saw and we sat down and began working on an ad for The Performer. We tried to be entertaining and to come up with something clever. I hated the hard-sell of the day. Every ad was a guy riding a wave. So, the first ad I did was a chess board. In the middle of the chess board was a Weber sticker. The copy line was 'It's your move.'" The Performer ad campaign would go on to become one of the most ambitious surfboard sales campaigns of all time.72

 

 

East Coast Barnstormers, mid-'60s

 

              By the mid-1960s, Dewey Weber Surfboards had surf teams as far away as Oregon, Texas, Florida, the Carolinas, Virginia Beach, Maryland, New Jersey, New York and Maine. While most manufacturers would merely visit their dealerships, Dewey would descend upon his sales regions with teams of riders, surfing exhibitions, and surf films.73

              The 1965 Weber tour of the East Coast set a standard for surfing promotions. The tour started at the first artificial wave pool called "Big Surf," in Tempe, Arizona. From there, it swung down and along the Gulf Coast through Texas and Florida and on up the eastern seaboard. Following the van filled with team members and Dewey and Caroline was surf filmmaker Jamie Budge. These "barnstormers" would pull into a surf town, meet with the shop owner or Weber Surfboards dealer, make in-store appearances for sponsors such as Laguna Sportswear, or appear at a local event like a boat show, set up a surfing contest and exhibition at the local beach and cap it off in the evening with a surf film at a local auditorium.74

              While on the East Coast, Dewey won the Governor's Trophy at the East Coast Surfing Championships. The next year, he would win the Senior Men's Division at the U.S. Surfing Championships held at Huntington Beach.75

 

 

Downturn, late 1960s

 

              As Velzy had done in the 1950s, by the mid-1960s, Dewey Weber had become the largest surfboard manufacturer. This time, though, it was not only of the United States, but of the world. At his peak, he was turning out over 300 boards a week. There are stories of Dewey and Harold Iggy walking into a car dealership in their bare feet and Dewey peeling off cash for a new yellow Porsche. Another story tells of Dewey buying Caroline a new gold Thunderbird as a wedding gift.76

              When the downturn came in the late 1960s, Dewey thought it was just temporary. He wasn' t alone. The other surfboard manufacturers felt the same way. "When we figured out that it wasn't," Tak Kawahara remembers, "it was too late."77

              "It's the same problem as today," Harold Walker added. "The product is under-priced. The margins are so small in the surfboard business that (when) the slightest mishap (occurs) the whole house of cards falls. Once the volume stops, you're dead."78

              For Dewey, as for all the other mass-production surfboard makers of the time, the ride was over. "It went from selling everything you could make to selling just local," recalled Bing Copeland.79 Dewey downsized as fast as he could, butg he took heavy financial losses. When the adjustment was done, he settled into a small shop in Hermosa Beach. Earlier, trying to keep up with the trends in surfboard design, he'd tried to transition into shortboards. Like Greg Noll, who attempted to do the same thing, he met with no success.80

 

 

Gone Fishing, 1970s

 

              So, like Harold Walker, Hap Jacobs, Mark Martinson, Greg Noll, Del Cannon and others of his age, Dewey decided to go fishing. In the early 1970s, he built a two-man swordfishing boat called the Avispa and started logging major time on the water. "Soon," wrote Jeff Duclos, "surf stories turned into fishing stories."81

 

 

The Bottle

 

              In the early 1980s, a longboard contest circuit reformed along the Southern California coast and Dewey Weber was in it early. The circuit's beginning is marked by a contest held at Leo Carrillo State Beach -- otherwise known to surfers as Arroyo Sequit or just plain Secos. "The morning of the Oar House event," wrote Jeff Duclos, "shoulder-high waves were peeling off Leo Carrillo's Big Rock and, though Dewey hadn't surfed in nearly a year, his team members coaxed him into entering... To his surprise, Dewey advanced through his first heat with relative ease."82

              "I remember the last three heats," said John Joseph, "with less than a minute to go in each, and I'd say: 'Where's Dewey?' And out from behind the rock he'd come, on the nose, in his famous arch, moving across the face of the wave. In the inside, he'd do a big cutback and then move right back up to the nose. He made the finals -- and he hadn't surfed competitively in well over 15 years. There were some good surfers there that day. John Baker, JoJo Perrin, and J. Riddle made the final with him... He had the ability to come from out of nowhere. It was unique. It was a star quality he had."83

              "I surfed against Dewey in a lot of contests over the years," said Baker. "He was always the first guy in the water for his heats and he was a fierce competitor. But I remember that day well. He was just arching from the nose... thrilled."84

              In the very beginning of the longboard revival, Dewey sponsored the Dewey Weber Longboard Surfing Classic. "The whole '60s era of surfing seems to be coming back into focus," he told an interviewer in 1982. "It's really apparent in the music scene -- the kids have started the whole thing rolling. Older surfers are getting back in the water and our Weber Performer is making a genuine comeback. The business looks more solid now than it has for over 10 years."85 Although his words proved to be prophetic, Dewey never reaped any benefit from the longboarding revival nor capture the magic touch he once had ontop a surfboard. By the 1980s, years of hard drinking were beginning to take their toll.86

              Dewey was part of a generation and more of surfers for whom The Life was defined in terms of a "surf all day and always party hard" lifestyle.87 In the end, excessive alcohol use can be directly linked to Dewey's loss of a profitable business and his loss of wife, friends and health. As the years went by, Dewey surfed less and less.88

              "A lot of us partied hard," Linda Benson declared. "Dewey had a choice. I'm a recovering alcoholic. I'm 17 years clean and sober. People tried to help him. I'd go down to his shop, but somehow he was never there. Alcoholism is a disease that (hides itself from you)."89

              "Surfing has a dark side," agreed Joe Doggett in an article that appeared in the Houston Chronicle after Dewey's death. "It's a maverick lifestyle; it attracts the renegades and cavaliers and one-eyed jacks. It has no place for the dull and ordinary. Surf stars, like rock stars, play hard and sometimes cannot control the power and the beauty that they possess."90

              In that year before he died," his former wife Caroline recalled, "Dewey told me about that first surf trip he went on with the older South Bay guys. He was 13 at the time. He talked about how they handed him a beer and he felt like he'd arrived, like he was finally accepted as a surfer, as one of the guys... 'How was I to know?' he said" of the ramifications of a life with alcohol.91

              When Dewey died in 1993, news of his passing went around the world. Newspaper and broadcast eulogies appeared virtually everywhere. The California State Senate adjourned in his honor. "His death," wrote Jeff Duclos, "reaffirmed something Dewey had completely lost sight of."92

              "His problem," said Lance Carson, who knew him most of his life, "was that he didn't have enough confidence in who he was. He had no confidence in his own name. He was always trying to be something more, but he never had anything to prove. He was already there."93

 

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1   Duclos, Jeff. "In Trim: Dewey Weber," Longboard, Volume 4, Number 4, September/October 1996, p. 35.

2   Duclos, 1996, p. 35.

3   Duclos, 1996, p. 35. Dewey Weber.

4   Duclos, 1996, p. 35.

5   Duclos, 1996, p. 35.

6   Duclos, 1996, p. 35. Dewey Weber.

7   Duclos, 1996, p. 35. Dewey Weber.

8   Duclos, 1996, pp. 35-36. Dewey Weber.

9   Duclos, 1996, p. 36. Dewey Weber.

10   Duclos, 1996, p. 36. Dewey Weber.

11   Duclos, 1996, p. 36. Dewey Weber.

12   Surfer, October 1993. Dewey Weber quoted by Dewey Shurman.

13   Duclos, 1996, p. 36. Dewey Weber.

14   Duclos, 1996, p. 36. Bing Copeland.

15   Duclos, 1996, p. 36.

16   Duclos, 1996, p. 36. Bing Copeland.

17   Duclos, 1996, p. 36. Dewey Weber.

18   Duclos, 1996, p. 36.

19   Duclos, 1996, p. 36.

20   Duclos, 1996, p. 36. Bing Copeland.

21   Duclos, 1996, p. 36.

22   Duclos, 1996, p. 37. Dewey Weber.

23   Duclos, 1996, p. 37.

24   Duclos, 1996, p. 37. Dewey Weber.

25   Duclos, 1996, p. 37.

26   Duclos, 1996, p. 37.

27   Duclos, 1996, p. 37. Dewey Weber.

28   Duclos, 1996, pp. 37-38. Tubesteak Tracy.

29   Duclos, 1996, p. 38. Dewey Weber.

30   Duclos, 1996, p. 38.

31   Duclos, 1996, p. 38. Dewey Weber.

32   The Surfer's Journal, Volume 1, Number 3, C.R. Stecyk, p. 52.

33   Duclos, 1996, p. 42.

34   Duclos, 1996, p. 38. Dewey Weber.

35   Duclos, 1996, p. 38. Dewey Weber.

36   Duclos, 1996, p. 38.

37   Duclos, 1996, p. 38.

38   Duclos, 1996, p. 38. Dewey Weber.

39   Duclos, 1996, p. 38. Dewey Weber.

40   Duclos, 1996, p. 38. Dewey Weber.

41   Duclos, 1996, p. 38.

42   Duclos, 1996, pp. 38-39. Dewey Weber.

43   Duclos, 1996, p. 39. Dewey Weber.

44   Duclos, 1996, p. 39. Dewey Weber.

45   Duclos, 1996, p. 42.

46   Lueras, 1984, p. 118.

47   Duclos, 1996, p. 39.

48   Duclos, 1996, p. 39.

49   Stecyk, "Tales of the Hawk," p. 43. Dale Velzy quoted. Duplicated in Volume 1 of LEGENDARY SURFERS, "Dale 'The Hawk' Velzy."

50   Stecyk, "Tales of the Hawk," p. 43. Henry Ford quoted. Duplicated in Volume 1 of LEGENDARY SURFERS, "Dale 'The Hawk' Velzy."

51   Stecyk, "Tales of the Hawk," pp. 43-44. Mickey Munoz quoted. Duplicated in Volume 1 of LEGENDARY SURFERS, "Dale 'The Hawk' Velzy."

52   Stecyk, "Tales of the Hawk," p. 44. Mike Doyle quoted. See also Doyle, Morning Glass. Duplicated in Volume 1 of LEGENDARY SURFERS, "Dale 'The Hawk' Velzy."

53   Duclos, 1996, p. 39. Dewey Weber.

54   Duclos, 1996, p. 39. Dewey Weber.

55   Stecyk, "Tales of the Hawk," p. 44. Dale Velzy quoted, referring, I believe, to Dewey Weber. This quote may have come from Noll's "Da Bull," Duplicated in Volume 1 of LEGENDARY SURFERS, "Dale 'The Hawk' Velzy."

56   Stecyk, "Tales of the Hawk," p. 44. Donald Takayama quoted. Duplicated in Volume 1 of LEGENDARY SURFERS, "Dale 'The Hawk' Velzy."

57   Duclos, 1996, p. 39. Tak Kawahara.

58   Duclos, 1996, p. 40.

59   Duclos, 1996, p. 40. Sonny Vardeman.

60   Duclos, 1996, p. 40. Caroline Weber.

61   Duclos, 1996, p. 40. Dale Velzy.

62   Duclos, 1996, p. 40.

63   Duclos, 1996, p. 40.

64   Duclos, 1996, p. 40. Sonny Vardeman.

65   Duclos, 1996, p. 40. Tak Kawahara.

66   Duclos, 1996, p. 40. Tak Kawahara.

67   Duclos, 1996, p. 40. Harold Walker.

68   Duclos, 1996, p. 40.

69   Duclos, 1996, p. 41.

70   Duclos, 1996, p. 42.

71   Duclos, 1996, p. 42.

72   Duclos, 1996, pp. 40-41. Bill Handler.

73   Duclos, 1996, p. 41.

74   Duclos, 1996, p. 41.

75   Duclos, 1996, p. 42.

76   Duclos, 1996, p. 41.

77   Duclos, 1996, p. 41. Tak Kawahara.

78   Duclos, 1996, p. 41. Harold Walker.

79   Duclos, 1996, p. 41. Bing Copeland.

80   Duclos, 1996, p. 41.

81   Duclos, 1996, p. 41.

82   Duclos, 1996, p. 35.

83   Duclos, 1996, p. 35. John Joseph.

84   Duclos, 1996, p. 35. John Baker.

85   Duclos, 1996, pp. 41-42. Dewey Weber.

86   Duclos, 1996, p. 42.

87   Wolfe, Tom. The Pump House Gang.

88   Duclos, 1996, p. 42.

89   Duclos, 1996, p. 42. Linda Benson.

90   Duclos, 1996, p. 42. Joe Doggett.

91   Duclos, 1996, p. 42. Caroline Weber recalling Dewey's rememberance.

92   Duclos, 1996, p. 42.

93   Duclos, 1996, p. 42. Lance Carson.